Desenvolvimento, validação e aplicação piloto do Sistema de Observação da Instrução do instrutor de fitness em aulas de pilates / Desarrollo, validación y aplicación piloto del Sistema de Observación de la Instrucción del instructor de fitness en clases de pilates / Development, validation, and pilot application of the Instruction Observation System used by fitness instructors in pilates classes

Considerando as especificidades e princípios do método Pilates, o presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver e validar um sistema de observação que permita observar os comportamentos de instrução dos técnicos de exercício físico na atividade de Pilates, (SOIIF-PILATES), a partir da adaptação de um instrumento já existente. Após diversos procedimentos metodológicos para testar a funcionalidade do instrumento, o SOIIF-PILATES demonstrou apresentar validade e fiabilidade, sendo constituído por 2 dois critérios/dimensões (momento e conteúdo) e 15 categorias. Foi também realizada uma aplicação piloto do instrumento numa amostra de 15 técnicos de exercício físico na atividade de Pilates que permitiu caracterizar a sua intervenção assim como compará-la relativamente às fases da aula (aquecimento, parte fundamental e relaxamento/alongamento) e do exercício (antes, durante e após o exercício). Os resultados do estudo piloto demonstraram que a maioria das categorias referidas pelos técnicos de exercício físico estão de acordo com os princípios da modalidade de Pilates, o que pode justificar a sua elevada utilização. Foram encontradas diferenças no total da instrução nas diferentes fases da aula e entre as diferentes fases da aula e do exercício

Considerando las especificidades y principios del método Pilates, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar y validar un sistema de observación que permita observar los comportamientos de instrucción de instructores de Fitness en la actividad Pilates, (SOIIF-PILATES), a partir de la adaptación de un instrumento ya existente. Después de varios procedimientos metodológicos para probar la funcionalidad del instrumento, el SOIIF-PILATES creado demostró presentar validez y fiabilidad siendo constituido por dos criterios/dimensiones (momento y contenido) y 15 categorías. Se realizó también una aplicación piloto del instrumento en una muestra de 15 instructores en la actividad de Pilates que permitió caracterizar su intervención, así como compararla con las fases de la clase (calentamiento, parte fundamental y relajación/estiramiento) y del ejercicio (antes, durante y después del ejercicio). Los resultados del estudio piloto demostraron que la mayoría de las categorías mencionadas por las instructoras se ajusta a los principios de Pilates, lo que puede justificar su elevada utilización. Se encontraron diferencias en el total de la instrucción en las diferentes fases de la clase y entre las diferentes fases de la clase y el ejercicio

Considering the specificities and principles of the Pilates method, the present study aims to develop and validate an observation system that allows us to observe the instructional behaviors of Fitness instructors in the Pilates activity (SOIIF-PILATES), based on the adaptation of an instrument that already exist. After several methodological procedures to test the functionality of the instrument, the SOIIF-PILATES proved to be valid and reliable, consisting of two dimensions (moment and content) and 15 categories. A pilot application of the instrument was also carried out in a sample of 15 Fitness instructors of the Pilates activity, which allowed to characterize their intervention as well as to compare it in different phases of the class (warm-up, main part and relaxation/stretching) and in different parts of the exercise (before, during and after the exercise) The results of the pilot study reveal that most of the categories referred by the instructors are following the principles of Pilates, which may justify their high utilization. Differences were found in the total of instruction of the different phases of the class and between the different phases of the class and the different phases of the exercise

[Evolution of body image perception and distorsion with mat and apparatus Pilates practice in adult women]. / Evolución de la percepción y distorsión de la imagen corporal con la práctica de Pilates en suelo y con aparatos en mujeres adultas.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the systematic practice of physical exercise may influence the perception and distortion of body image in adult women. Objective: to analyze the evolution of body image perception and distortion in adult women who performed a systematic practice of mat Pilates (PM) or Pilates with apparatus (PA). Methods: a total of 35 adult women participated in a PM (n = 19) or PA (n = 26) program for 16 weeks, two days a week. Body image was assessed before and after the interventions using the Eating Behavior Inventory 3 (EBI-3), Gardner's body image assessment scale, and Thompson and Gray's silhouette scale questionnaires. Results: the PM group showed a significant reduction in dissatisfaction with buttocks, dissatisfaction with body image, perceived image, distortion index, dissatisfaction index, perceived mental image, perceived affective image, cognitive dissatisfaction index, and affective dissatisfaction index (p < 0.05; ES: 0.26-0.80). As compared to the PA group, a significant reduction was shown in dissatisfaction with thighs, dissatisfaction with hips, dissatisfaction with body image, dissatisfaction index, cognitive dissatisfaction index, and affective dissatisfaction index (p < 0.05; 0.22-0.79). Conclusion: the systematic practice of PM or PA improves body image in adult women, reducing their body dissatisfaction.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la práctica sistemática de ejercicio físico podría influir en la percepción y distorsión de la imagen corporal de mujeres adultas. Objetivo: analizar la evolución de la percepción y la distorsión de la imagen corporal en mujeres adultas que realizan una práctica sistemática de Pilates en suelo (PS) o Pilates con aparatos (PA). Metodología: un total de 35 mujeres adultas participaron en un programa de PS (n = 19) o PA (n = 26) durante 16 semanas, dos días por semana. La imagen corporal se valoró antes y después de las intervenciones con el cuestionario "Inventario de la conducta alimentaria 3" (EDI-3), la escala de evaluación de la imagen corporal de Gardner y la escala de siluetas de Thompson y Gray. Resultados: el grupo de PS mostró una reducción significativa de la insatisfacción con los glúteos, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, la imagen percibida, el índice de distorsión, el índice de insatisfacción, la imagen mental percibida, la imagen afectiva percibida, el índice de insatisfacción cognitiva y el índice de insatisfacción afectiva (p < 0,05; TE: 0,26-0,80). En relación con el grupo de PA se encontró una disminución significativa de la insatisfacción con los muslos, la insatisfacción con las caderas, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, el índice de insatisfacción, el índice de insatisfacción cognitiva y el índice de insatisfacción afectiva (p < 0,05; 0,22-0,79). Conclusiones: la práctica sistemática de PS o PA mejora la imagen corporal en mujeres adultas, reduciéndose el grado de insatisfacción corporal de las mismas.

Eight-week equipment-based Pilates exercises positively affects quality of life, and functional capacity in non-active adult women: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The Pilates exercises are popular for muscle conditioning among women. However, the effects on conditioning of healthy non-active adult women due to Pilates practicing are not fully explained. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the effects of equipment-based Pilates exercises on the percentage of body fat, weight, body mass index (BMI), functional capacity, and quality of life of adult healthy women. METHODS: Seventy-eight non-active women were randomly assigned to 2 groups (Pilates or Control). The Pilates group performed a total of 16 exercise sessions (60 minutes each, performed twice a week for 8 consecutive weeks). The control group was instructed to perform no exercise. Percentage of body fat (DXA scans), weight, BMI, distance covered in the incremental shuttle walk test, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and quality of life (SF-36 scores) were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no significant between-group differences at baseline, but significant group-by-time interaction was observed for Pilates group postintervention. Higher distance covered (P=0.01), VO2max (P=0.04), and quality of life (P=0.04) were observed after the intervention compared to the control group. No differences were observed for body composition. CONCLUSIONS: Two months of equipment-based Pilates training improved functional capacity and quality of life in healthy adult women.

¿Mejora el PILATES la salud mental? / Does PILATES improve mental health?

El Pilates es una forma alternativa de terapia física de baja a moderada intensidad, predominantemente realizada en el suelo y que se enfoca en abordar estabilidad, fuerza muscular, flexibilidad, respiración y postura. Existe evidencia que sostiene su utilidad en la salud física. En cambio, la evidencia es todavía limitada en cuanto a su efectividad para mejorar la salud mental. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión fue resaltar la evidencia preliminar que apoya la utilidad del Pilates en la mejora de la salud mental y variables psicológicas de las personas. Esta fue una revisión narrativa, no sistemática, centrada en literatura primaria, seleccionada de una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO. Los términos clave que se utilizaron fueron los siguientes: "Pilates y salud mental", "Pilates y trastornos mentales" y "Pilates y psiquiatría". Los resultados fueron complementados con literatura secundaria (libros y capítulos de libros). Todos los miembros del equipo de investigación participaron en la revisión de la literatura. Todo lo anterior se realizó a fin de brindar una orientación general que sirva a médicos psiquiatras y a fisioterapeutas en el diseño de planes terapéuticos que complementen a los psicofármacos, la psicoterapia y al ejercicio físico convencional(AU)

Pilates is an alternative form of physical therapy of low-to-moderate intensity, predominantly performed on the floor and which focuses on addressing stability, muscle strength, flexibility, breathing and posture. There is evidence supporting its usefulness in physical health. In contrast, the evidence is still limited in terms of its effectiveness in improving mental health. The objective of this review article was to highlight the preliminary evidence that supports the usefulness of Pilates in the improvement of mental health and psychological variables of people. This was a non-systematic narrative review, focused on primary literature, selected from a search in PubMed and SciELO databases. The key terms used were: "Pilates and mental health", "Pilates and mental disorders", and "Pilates and psychiatry". The results were supplemented with secondary literature (books and book chapters). The research was carried out in order to provide a general orientation that would serve psychiatrists and physiotherapists in the design of therapeutic plans that complement psychopharmaceuticals, psychotherapy and conventional physical exercise(AU)

Perceptions of balance and falls following a supervised training intervention - a qualitative study of people with Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: To explore perceptions of balance and falls among people with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease 3 - 12 months following participation in supervised balance training. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study used in-depth individual interviews for data collection among 13 people with Parkinson's disease. Interviews were systematically analyzed using qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. RESULTS: Three main themes arose: Falls - avoided and intended highlights the wide spectrum of fall perceptions, ranging from worse-case scenario to undramatized events; Balance identity incorporates how gradual deterioration in balance served as a reminder of disease progression and how identifying themselves as "aware not afraid" helped certain participants to maintain balance confidence despite everyday activity restriction; Training as treatment recounts how participants used exercise as disease self-management with the aim to maintain independence in daily life. Interpretation of the underlying patterns of these main themes resulted in the overarching theme Training as treatment when battling problems with balance and falls. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas certain participants expressed a fear of falling which they managed by activity restriction, others described being confident in their balance despite avoidance of balance-challenging activities. Training was used as treatment to self-manage disease-related balance impairments in order to maintain independence in daily life. Implication for Rehabilitation People with Parkinson's disease require early advice about the positive effects of physical activity as well as strategies for self-management in order to ease the psychological and physical burden of progressive balance impairment. Fear of falling should be investigated alongside activity avoidance in this group in order to provide a more accurate insight into the scope of psychological concerns regarding balance and falls in everyday life. Certain people with Parkinson's disease define their balance according to activities they continue to participate in, while others who express fear-related activity avoidance require help to adapt balance-challenging activities in order to maintain balance confidence and avoid physical inactivity.

Efeitos dos treinamentos metabólico e de força no estado de humor / Effects of metabolic and strength training in the mood state

Introdução: O estado de humor relaciona-se diretamente com a qualidade de vida e esta pode ser melhorada com a prática de exercício físico. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos de uma sessão de treinamento funcional intenso de força e metabólico sobre o estado de humor. Material e Métodos: O grupo de estudo foi constituído por 29 sujeitos com idade média de 32,76±10,39 anos, praticantes de treinamento funcional. Avaliou-se o estado de humor dos sujeitos utilizando a escala de Brunel (BRUMS) e a intensidade do treinamento foi controlada utilizando-se a escala de BORG. Cada sessão de treinamento teve duração 65 minutos. Resultados: Verificou-se melhora no estado de humor, observada pela melhora dos aspectos relacionados a tensão e a raiva nos dois modelos de treinamento e dos aspectos de depressão no treinamento de força quando comparados o pré e o pós treinamento. Conclusão: A intervenção com treinamento físico funcional melhorou o estado de humor nos aspectos de tensão, raiva e depressão dos participantes.

Introduction: The mood state is related to health quality, which can be improved by practicing physical exercises. Objective: To verify the effects of an intense functional and metabolic training session on the mood state. Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 29 subjects with a mean age of 32.76 ± 10.39 years, with functional training. The mood state of the subjects was evaluated using the Brunel scale (BRUMS) and the training intensity was controlled using the BORG scale. Each training session lasted 65 minutes. Results: An improvement in the mood state was observed, due to the improvement of the aspects related to tension and anger in both training models and to the aspects of depression in strength training when compared the pre and the post training. Conclusion: Intervention with functional physical training improved the mood state in the aspects of tension, anger and depression of the participants.

Effects of 16-weeks of Pilates on functional autonomy and life satisfaction among elderly women.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Pilates-based mat exercises on functional autonomy and life satisfaction among elderly women. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Caxias do Sul, Brazil in 2015, in which 61 healthy older women were randomized into two groups (experimental group, EG = 31 participants with 64.25 mean years of age, SD = 0.14, and a control group, CG = 30 participants, 63.75 mean years of age; SD = 0.08). The EG participants performed the mat Pilates twice per week, 60-min per session. The same measurements were performed at baseline and after 16 weeks. No significant differences were found between groups at baseline (p > 0.05). In the EG, the following factors were increased after the 16-weeks training period: flexibility of lower limbs, flexibility of upper limbs, strength in lower and upper limbs, aerobic endurance and dynamic balance. This study revealed significant improvements on the life satisfaction scale's score for the EG when compared to the CG, after 16 weeks of intervention. No differences were found between baseline and after 16 weeks on the functional autonomy and life satisfaction scores for the CG. According to the results of this study, it was found that functional autonomy and life satisfaction for elderly women was improved after exposure to 16 weeks of the PM, suggesting this practice helps with healthy aging.

Pilates program design and health benefits for pregnant women: A practitioners' survey.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about recommendations for safe and appropriate instruction of Pilates exercises to women during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine Pilates practitioners' perspectives regarding Pilates program design for pregnant women. We also sought to elucidate their views on the potential benefits, restrictions and contraindications on Pilates in pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was performed. Pilates practitioners were invited to participate via email. Participants were surveyed about their experience and views on: screening processes in alignment with The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2002) guidelines; (ii) optimal exercise program features and (iii) physical and mental health benefits of Pilates for pregnant women. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 192 Pilates practitioners from a range of settings. Practitioners reported conducting formal screening (84%) for safety in pregnant women prior to commencing Pilates classes. Most did not routinely seek medical approval from the woman's general practitioner. Divergent views emerged regarding the safety and benefits of Pilates exercises in the supine position. Mixed opinions were also generated regarding the effects of spinal flexion exercises, single-leg stance exercises and breathing manoeuvres. There was little agreement on the optimal frequency or dosage of exercises. Views regarding absolute contraindications to exercise differed from The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2002) guidelines which cautioned about the dangers of persistent bleeding, premature labour, pre-eclampsia, placental praevia and incompetent cervix. The most frequent reported physical and psychological benefit of Pilates was improving pelvic floor strength (12%) and improved social wellbeing (23%). CONCLUSIONS: The study highlighted wide variations in practice for Pilates exercises with pregnant woman as well as low adherence to clinical practice guidelines. Further evidence is required to advise on appropriate screening and individualized Pilates programming, particularly for women with medical conditions during pregnancy.

Pilates and aerobic training improve levels of depression, anxiety and quality of life in overweight and obese individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of Pilates and walking on quality of life, depression, and anxiety levels. METHODS: Sixty-three overweight/obese participants were randomly divided into: control (n = 20), walking (n = 21), and Pilates (n = 22) groups. Pilates and walking groups attended eight weeks of 60-minute exercise sessions three times per week. Quality of life, depression, and state- and trait-anxiety levels were evaluated before and after eight weeks of training. RESULTS: Scores of quality of life, depression, and trait-anxiety improved in the Pilates and walking groups. State-anxiety levels improved only in the walking group. CONCLUSION: Pilates and walking positively impact quality of life, depression and anxiety. The Pilates method could be used as an alternative to improve mood disorders in overweight/obese individuals.

Pilates and aerobic training improve levels of depression, anxiety and quality of life in overweight and obese individuals / O treinamento de Pilates e aeróbio melhoram os níveis de depressão, ansiedade e qualidade de vida em indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effects of Pilates and walking on quality of life, depression, and anxiety levels. Methods: Sixty-three overweight/obese participants were randomly divided into: control (n = 20), walking (n = 21), and Pilates (n = 22) groups. Pilates and walking groups attended eight weeks of 60-minute exercise sessions three times per week. Quality of life, depression, and state- and trait-anxiety levels were evaluated before and after eight weeks of training. Results: Scores of quality of life, depression, and trait-anxiety improved in the Pilates and walking groups. State-anxiety levels improved only in the walking group. Conclusion: Pilates and walking positively impact quality of life, depression and anxiety. The Pilates method could be used as an alternative to improve mood disorders in overweight/obese individuals.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos do treinamento com Pilates e caminhada sobre os níveis de qualidade de vida, depressão e ansiedade. Métodos: Sessenta e três participantes com sobrepeso/obesidade foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupos: Controle (n = 20), Caminhada (n = 21) e Pilates (n = 22). Os grupos Pilates e caminhada realizaram oito semanas de sessões de exercício de 60 minutos 3 vezes/semana. Os níveis de qualidade de vida, depressão e ansiedade traço e estado foram avaliados antes e após oito semanas de treinamento. Resultados: Os escores de qualidade de vida, depressão e ansiedade-traço melhoraram nos grupos Pilates e caminhada. Os níveis de ansiedade-estado melhoraram apenas no grupo caminhada. Conclusão: O Pilates e a caminhada impactam positivamente os níveis de qualidade de vida, depressão e ansiedade. O método Pilates pode ser usado como um método alternativo para distúrbios do humor em indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade.

Daily Well-Being Benefits of Physical Activity in Older Adults: Does Time or Type Matter?

Purpose of the Study: There is little debate that maintaining some level of physical activity in later life conveys positive benefits both physically and psychologically. What is less understood is the extent to which the type of activity or the length of time spent doing it matters when it comes to these benefits on the daily level. Here, we investigated (a) whether the presence of daily purposeful exercise (Exercise) or non-exercise physical activity (Activity) is sufficient for experiencing day-level benefits, or if time spent matters, and (b) whether there are differential well-being benefits of Exercise and Activity on the daily level. Design and Methods: Older adults (N = 127; aged 60-95, Mage = 79.4) filled out surveys for 14 days, reporting daily Exercise and Activity behaviors as well as Positive and Negative Affect (PA/NA), Perceived Stress (PS), Perceived Health (PH), and Sleep Quality (SQ). Results: Multilevel regression models showed that for purposeful exercise, more time spent was beneficial for PA, NA, and PH, but for PS, only the presence of exercise was important (time did not matter). For non-exercise activity, time did not have as great an influence as presence-doing any form of activity was beneficial for both PA and SQ. Exercise and Activity had largely independent (additive) effects. Implications: Results reveal that both purposeful exercise and non-exercise activity convey independent daily well-being benefits, and that for some aspects of daily well-being, duration does matter. Findings can be applied in the development of physical activity education or engagement programs for older adults.

Imagem corporal após interrupção da atividade física Pilates / Body image after discontinuation of physical activity Pilates

Introdução: Em idades mais avançadas a insatisfação com a Imagem Corporal tende a ser frequente. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se as praticantes do método Pilates básico modificado têm sua imagem corporal alterada após a interrupção da atividade. Método: A amostra foi formada por 10 mulheres saudáveis com idades entre 49 a 65 anos. O instrumento utilizado para verificar alterações da Imagem Corporal foi a Escala de Medida da Imagem Corporal. Resultados: O resultado do estudo indicou que houve manutenção ou melhora da imagem corporal após seis meses sem a prática dessa atividade física. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a interrupção da prática do Pilates não interferiu na imagem corporal das participantes. (AU)

Introduction: In older ages dissatisfaction with Body Image tends to be frequent.Objective: The aim of the present study was to verify if practitioners of the modified basic Pilates method have their body image altered after activity interruption. Method: The sample consisted of 10 healthy women aged between 49 to 65 years. The instrument used to verify changes in Body Image was the Body Image Measurement Scale. Results: The result of the study indicated that there was maintenance or improvement of the body image after six months without the practice of this physical activity. Conclusion: It was concluded that the interruption of the practice of Pilates did not interfere in the participants' body image. (AU)

Effects of Pilates exercise on general health of hemodialysis patients.

Pilates is a type of exercise which has recently drawn exercise and health experts' attention. They have noticed that it can improve hemodialysis patients' general health. A clinical trial study was performed. Fifty hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. A demographic information questionnaire and a general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) were completed by the two groups at the beginning of the study. Then, modified Pilates exercises were carried out in the intervention group three times a week over a period of eight weeks. At the end of the study, the GHQ-28 questionnaire was completed by the two groups. In the intervention group, the difference between the mean scores of general health before (45.24 ± 9.9) and after (31.2 ± 6.9) the intervention was significant (p ≤ 0.002). After the intervention, the difference between the mean scores of the control (1.6 ± 1.3) and intervention (14 ± 0.78) groups was also significant (p ≤ 0.001).

Motor learning strategies in basketball players and its implications for ACL injury prevention: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Adding external focus of attention (EF, focus on the movement effect) may optimize current anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programmes. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of an EF, by a visual stimulus and an internal focus, by a verbal stimulus during unexpected sidestep cutting in female and male athletes and how these effects remained over time. METHODS: Ninety experienced basketball athletes performed sidestep cutting manoeuvres in three sessions (S1, S2 and S3). In this randomized controlled trial, athletes were allocated to three groups: visual (VIS), verbal (VER) and control (CTRL). Kinematics and kinetics were collected at the time of peak knee frontal plane moment. RESULTS: Males in the VIS group showed a larger vertical ground reaction force (S1: 25.4 ± 3.1 N/kg, S2: 25.8 ± 2.9 N/kg, S3: 25.2 ± 3.2 N/kg) and knee flexion moments (S1: -3.8 ± 0.9 Nm/kg, S2: -4.0 ± 1.2 Nm/kg, S3: -3.9 ± 1.3 Nm/kg) compared to the males in the VER and CTRL groups and to the females in the VIS group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the males in the VIS group reduced knee valgus moment and the females in the VER group reduced knee varus moment over time (n.s.). CONCLUSION: Male subjects clearly benefit from visual feedback. Females may need different feedback modes to learn a correct movement pattern. Sex-specific learning preferences may have to be acknowledged in day by day practice. Adding video instruction or feedback to regular training regimens when teaching athletes safe movement patterns and providing individual feedback might target suboptimal long-term results and optimize ACL injury prevention programmes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.

Validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario de disfrute por el ejercicio físico (PACES) en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad / Validity and reliability of physical activity enjoyment scale questionnaire (PACES) in adolescents with overweight and obesity

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de disfrute por el ejercicio físico (PACES) en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Métodos: participaron 139 adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad: 91 niñas (edad = 13,85 ± 1,92 años; índice de masa corporal [IMC] = 26,83 ± 3,16 kg/m2) y 48 niños (edad = 14,29 ± 1,62 años; IMC = 28,31 ± 3,74 kg/m2 ). Para analizar el disfrute por la actividad física se empleó el cuestionario Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Resultados: los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio han mostrado una estructura de dos factores; a su vez el PACES presenta una consistencia interna muy alta (alfa de Cronbach = 0,908). La fiabilidad test-retest indica una buena concordancia temporal (Spearman rho = 0,815, p < 0,001). Por último, el PACES en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad manifiesta una validez convergente adecuada con la intencionalidad de ser activo (MIFA), la atracción por la actividad física (CAPA), la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y los pliegues suprailiaco y subescapular. Conclusión: los resultados confirman que el PACES es una medida válida y fiable del disfrute por la actividad física en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad. El disfrute por la actividad física puede ser relevante en la participación de los adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad en estas actividades (AU)

Objective: The aim of this study is to test the psychometric properties of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) in adolescents with overweight and obese. Methods: Participants included 139 overweight and obese adolescents, 91 girls (age = 13.85 ± 1.92 years; body mass index [BMI] = 26.83 ± 3.16 kg/m2 ) and 48 children (age = 14.29 ± 1.62 years; BMI = 28.31 ± 3.74 kg/m2 ). To test the enjoyment of physical activity, Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) was used. Results: The results of the exploratory and confi rmatory factor analysis showed a two-factor structure, also, the PACES showed a very high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.908). The test-retest reliability indicates a good temporary agreement (Spearman rho = 0.815, p (AU)

Aerobic fitness in adolescents in southern Brazil: association with sociodemographic aspects, lifestyle and nutritional status / La condición física aeróbica en adolescentes del sur de Brasil: asociación con aspectos sociodemográficos, estilo de vida y el estado nutricional / Condicionamento aeróbio em adolescentes no Sul do Brasil: associação com aspectos sociodemográficos, estilo de vida e estado nutricional

Objective. The purpose was to investigate the factors related to aerobic fitness levels of adolescents in southern Brazil. Methods. The sample consisted of 1081 students (545 males and 536 females), with mean age of 12.8 (± 1.2) years. This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Aerobic fitness was assessed by the 9-min running test. The independent variables analyzed were: age, socioeconomic status, school system (public/private), sedentary behavior, physical activity level, nutritional status and body adiposity. Analyses were stratified by sex. We used the Student 't' test for independent samples and logistic regression to estimate odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals of 95% (95% CI). Results. The prevalence of low aerobic fitness levels was 92.5%. Boys aged 13–14 years were 2.44 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels; poorer boys were 4.31 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels. Girls aged 13–14 years were 5.35 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels; poorer girls were 10.70 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels; girls with sedentary behavior were approximately 4 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels. Conclusion. Thus, it was concluded that almost all adolescents show low aerobic fitness levels, which makes necessary effective interventions in the school environment with the promotion of sports and regular practice of physical activity (AU)

Objetivo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los factores relacionados con los niveles de aptitud aeróbica de los adolescentes en el sur de Brasil. Métodos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 1081 alumnos (545 varones y 536 mujeres), con edad media de 12.8 (± 1.2) años. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico transversal. La condición física aeróbica se evaluó mediante Test de Caminata de 9 minutos. Las variables independientes analizadas fueron: edad, nivel socioeconómico, el sistema escolar (público/privado), el sedentarismo, el nivel de actividad física, el estado nutricional y la adiposidad corporal. Los análisis fueron estratificados por sexo. Se aplicó la prueba de 't' Student para muestras independientes y regresión logística para estimar la odds ratio (OR) y los intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Resultados. La prevalencia de bajos niveles de aptitud aeróbica fue de 92.5%. Los niños de edades de 13 a 14 años fueron 2.44 veces más propensos a tener bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica; los niños más pobres fueron 4.31 veces más propensos a tener bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica. Las niñas de 13 a 14 años fueron 5.35 veces más propensas, a tener bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica; las niñas más pobres eran 10.70 veces más propensas a tener bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica; las niñas con el comportamiento sedentario, fueron aproximadamente 4 veces más propensas a tener bajos niveles de condición física. Conclusión. Se concluyó que casi todos los adolescentes muestran bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica, lo que hace necesarias intervenciones eficaces en el ámbito escolar para la promoción del deporte y la práctica regular de actividad física (AU)

Objetivo. O objetivo foi investigar os fatores relacionados aos níveis de aptidão aeróbia dos adolescentes no Sul do Brasil. Métodos. A amostra foi constituída por 1081 estudantes (545 do sexo masculino e 536 do sexo feminino), com idade média de 12.8 (± 1.2) anos. Este é um estudo epidemiológico transversal. Aptidão aeróbica foi avaliada pelo teste de corrida de 9 minutos. As variáveis independentes analisadas foram: idade, nível socioeconômico, sistema de escola (pública/privada), comportamento sedentário, nível de atividade física, estado nutricional e adiposidade corporal. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo. Foi utilizado o teste de Student 't' para amostras independentes e regressão logística para estimar odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (CI95%). Resultados. A prevalência de baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia foi de 92.5%. Meninos com idades entre 13-14 anos foram 2.44 vezes mais propensos a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia; meninos mais pobres eram 4.31 vezes mais propensos a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia. Meninas com idades entre 13-14 anos foram 5.35 vezes mais propensos a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia; as moças pobres foram 10.70 vezes mais propensas a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia; Meninas com comportamento sedentário foram aproximadamente 4 vezes mais propensas a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia. Conclusão. Assim, concluiu-se que quase todos os adolescentes apresentam baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbica, o que faz intervenções eficazes no ambiente escolar com a promoção do desporto e da prática regular de atividade física necessária (AU)

Fall prevention in postmenopausal women: the role of Pilates exercise training.

Falls and fall-related injuries are a major public health concern for postmenopausal women. Fear of falling, impairments in gait and postural control, and changes in body composition have been identified as important risk factors for falling. Physical exercise is an important tool in fall prevention and management. The Pilates method is a non-impact activity that can be adapted to different physical conditions and health status and is recommended for various populations. In postmenopausal women, it has been deemed an effective way to improve some fall-related physical and psychological aspects, such as postural and dynamic balance. In addition, some physical capacities, such as flexibility, personal autonomy, mobility, and functional ability have also shown to benefit from Pilates interventions involving women in their second half of life, as well as certain psychological aspects including fear of falling, depressive status, and quality of life. Pilates exercise has shown effectively to prevent falls in postmenopausal women by improving their balance, physical and psychological functioning, and independence. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to demonstrate its validity in different clinical situations.

Combining brain stimulation and video game to promote long-term transfer of learning and cognitive enhancement.

Cognitive training offers the potential for individualised learning, prevention of cognitive decline, and rehabilitation. However, key research challenges include ecological validity (training design), transfer of learning and long-term effects. Given that cognitive training and neuromodulation affect neuroplasticity, their combination could promote greater, synergistic effects. We investigated whether combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with cognitive training could further enhance cognitive performance compared to training alone, and promote transfer within a short period of time. Healthy adults received real or sham tDCS over their dorsolateral prefrontal cortices during two 30-minute mathematics training sessions involving body movements. To examine the role of training, an active control group received tDCS during a non-mathematical task. Those who received real tDCS performed significantly better in the game than the sham group, and showed transfer effects to working memory, a related but non-numerical cognitive domain. This transfer effect was absent in active and sham control groups. Furthermore, training gains were more pronounced amongst those with lower baseline cognitive abilities, suggesting the potential for reducing cognitive inequalities. All effects associated with real tDCS remained 2 months post-training. Our study demonstrates the potential benefit of this approach for long-term enhancement of human learning and cognition.

Imágenes mentales utilizadas en diferentes actividades físicas y deportivas / Imagens mentais utilizados em diferentes atividades físicas e desportivas / Mental images used in different physical and sports activities

En esta investigación deseábamos saber si existía diferencia significativa entre distintas tareas que implicaban actividad física (pilates y bailes de salón) y tareas deportivas (fútbol sala y baloncesto) en el tipo de imagen que utilizaban las participantes. Para ello, seleccionamos un grupo de 200 mujeres (50 de pilates, 50 de bailes de salón, 50 de fútbol sala, y 50 de baloncesto), practicantes de la actividad física o del deporte, y les aplicamos la versión española del Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ). Posteriormente analizamos si existían diferencias significativas entre la actividad física y el deporte, y entre las diferentes actividades físicas (pilates y bailes de salón), y entre diferentes deportes (fútbol y baloncesto), en cada una de las escalas del OSIVQ. Encontramos que las practicantes de pilates tenían un procesamiento verbal, y las practicantes de bailes de salón, las de fútbol sala y las de baloncesto utilizaban imágenes del objeto. Cuando se analizó la actividad física (pilates y bailes de salón, conjuntamente), y la actividad deportiva (fútbol sala y baloncesto, conjuntamente) se encontró que tanto las participantes de la actividad física como las participantes de la actividad deportiva prefieren utilizar la imagen del objeto. Se ofrecen nuevas líneas de investigación (AU)

This study assessed significant differences in the types of mental imagery used by participants practicing sports (indoor football and basketball) or undertaking physical activity (pilates and ballroom dancing). The selected sample of 200 women (50 practicing pilates, 50 ballroom, 50 indoor football, and 50 basketball) was administered the Spanish version of the Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ). Significant differences in each of the scales of the OSIVQ between participants involved in sports or physical activity were assessed. Women practicing pilates were found to have verbal processing whereas ballroom dancers, indoor football or basketball players used object imagery. An analysis of physical activity (pilates and ballroom dancing) and sports (indoor football and basketball) revealed that all participants used object imagery. We propose new research lines (AU)

Nesta pesquisa, pretendemos saber se existe uma diferença significativa no tipo de imagens utilizadas pelos participantes em diferentes tarefas que envolvem a atividade física (pilates e dança de salão) e tarefas desportivas (futebol de salão e basquete). Para isso, selecionamos um grupo de 200 mulheres (50 de pilates, 50 de salão de festas, 50 de futebol de salão, e 50 de basquete), praticantes de atividade física ou desporto e lhes aplicamos a versão em espanhol do Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ). Avaliou-se se existiram diferenças significativas entre a actividade física e do desporto, e entre as diferentes atividades físicas (pilates e dança de salão), e entre os diferentes desportos (futebol de salão e basquete) para cada uma das escalas do OSIVQ. Verificamos que as praticantes de pilates apresentavam um processamento verbal, e as practicantes de dança de salão, de futebol de salão e de basquete utilizavam imagens do objeto. Quando se analisou a atividade física (pilates e dança de salão, juntamente) e desporto (futebol de salão e basquete, juntos), verificou-se que tanto as practicantes atividade física como as practicantes de atividade desportiva preferem usar a imagem do objeto. Propomos novas linhas de pesquisa (AU)

Ejercicio terapéutico para epicondilalgia lateral: revisión sistemática / Exercise therapy for lateral epicondylalgia: systematic review

La epicondilalgia lateral es una de las lesiones más comunes del brazo, siendo el músculo extensor radial corto del carpo (ERCB) la estructura más afectada, por movimientos repetitivos, rápidos y monótonos, principalmente afecta entre 1-3% de la población general, siendo más común en mujeres. El ejercicio terapéutico, es uno de los elementos claves en los programas diseñados para el manejo de esta condición. Se realizará una búsqueda de la evidencia a través de una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que hayan determinado la efectividad del ejercicio terapéutico para el manejo de estos pacientes. El objetivo de esta Revisión es determinar si existe evidencia científica que avale la efectividad clínica del ejercicio terapéutico sólo o dentro de un programa de tratamiento en pacientes adultos con epicondilalgia lateral. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) y ensayos clínicos controlados (ECC); las bases de datos usadas fueron: Medline, Cinahl, PEDro, Central, Lilacs. Los resultados obtenidos fueron de treinta y seis artículos que cumplían con nuestros criterios de elegibilidad. Se concluye que existe evidencia moderada que el ejercicio terapéutico comparado con una intervención única, disminuye el dolor, mejora la funcionalidad y aumenta la fuerza libre de dolor en corto, medio y largo plazo. Existe evidencia de que el ejercicio terapéutico disminuye el dolor, y aumenta la fuerza sin dolor a corto plazo. Existe evidencia fuerte de que el ejercicio terapéutico disminuye el dolor, aumenta la fuerza y mejora la funcionalidad a corto, medio y largo plazo (AU)

The lateral epicondylalgia is one of the most common injuries of the arm; with the muscle extensor carpi radialis brevis (ERCB) affected the structure, repetitive motion, rapids and monotonous, mainly affects between 1-3% of the general population, being more common in women. Therapeutic exercise is one of the key elements in programs designed for the management of this condition. There will be a synthesis of evidence through a systematic review of randomized clinical trials that established the effectiveness of exercise therapy in the management of these patients. The aim of this review is to determine whether there is scientific evidence to support the clinical effectiveness of exercise therapy alone or in a treatment program for adult patients with LE. The search strategy included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) databases were used: Medline, CINAHL, PEDro, Central, Lilacs. The results obtained were thirty-six articles that met our eligibility criteria. We conclude that there is moderate evidence shows that therapeutic exercise alone compared with a single intervention, decreases pain, improves function and increases strength pain free in short, medium and long term. There is strong evidence that exercise therapy reduces pain, increases strength and free from short-term pain. There is strong evidence that exercise therapy reduces pain, increases strength and improves functionality in the short, medium and long term (AU)